Case-based review of managing severe hepatic encephalopathy.
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References and suggested reading:
1: Gow AG. Hepatic Encephalopathy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2017
May;47(3):585-599. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.11.008. Epub 2017 Jan 6. Review.
PubMed PMID: 28069286.
2: Thawley V. Acute Liver Injury and Failure. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.
2017 May;47(3):617-630. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.11.010. Epub 2017 Jan 6. Review.
PubMed PMID: 28065578.
3: Lester C, Cooper J, Peters RM, Webster CR. Retrospective evaluation of acute
liver failure in dogs (1995-2012): 49 cases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio).
2016 Jul;26(4):559-67. doi: 10.1111/vec.12482. Epub 2016 May 4. PubMed PMID:
27147282.
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Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2016 Jul;26(4):471-87. doi: 10.1111/vec.12473.
Epub 2016 Apr 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 27060899.
5: Weingarten MA, Sande AA. Acute liver failure in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg
Crit Care (San Antonio). 2015 Jul-Aug;25(4):455-73. doi: 10.1111/vec.12304. Epub
2015 Apr 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 25882813.
6: Salgado M, Cortes Y. Hepatic encephalopathy: etiology, pathogenesis, and
clinical signs. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2013 Jun;35(6):E1-8; quiz E9. PubMed
PMID: 23677822.
7: Ruland K, Fischer A, Hartmann K. Sensitivity and specificity of fasting
ammonia and serum bile acids in the diagnosis of portosystemic shunts in dogs and
cats. Vet Clin Pathol. 2010 Mar;39(1):57-64. doi:
10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00178.x. Epub 2009 Aug 26. PubMed PMID: 19709395.
8: Torisu S, Washizu M, Hasegawa D, Orima H. Brain magnetic resonance imaging
characteristics in dogs and cats with congenital portosystemic shunts. Vet Radiol
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